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The condition characterized by a buildup of CO2 levels in the blood is respiratory acidosis. This occurs when the body cannot expel CO2 effectively, leading to increased carbon dioxide retention. The respiratory system typically regulates the levels of CO2 through breathing; when the lungs are unable to function properly due to obstruction, respiratory illness, or other factors, CO2 accumulates in the bloodstream. This excess CO2 can decrease blood pH, making the blood more acidic, which is the hallmark of respiratory acidosis.

In contrast to other conditions, such as metabolic acidosis, where the acidity is often due to metabolic processes and decreased bicarbonate levels, or respiratory alkalosis, which involves decreased CO2 and increased pH, respiratory acidosis specifically indicates an issue with CO2 elimination related to breathing efficiency. Metabolic alkalosis, on the other hand, involves a decrease in acidity often due to elevated bicarbonate levels. Therefore, the correct identification of respiratory acidosis hinges on its direct link to CO2 buildup caused by compromised respiratory function.